Diferencia entre revisiones de «Art History»

De Imc - wiki
Ir a la navegación Ir a la búsqueda
Sin resumen de edición
Sin resumen de edición
Línea 2: Línea 2:


== '''Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance''' ==
== '''Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance''' ==
'''Italy''' was the '''birthplace of the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8QD9TflhDQ Renaissance]''', a historical period beginning in the late fourteenth century in which people started taking an interest in the learnings of earlier times, specifically in the cultures of Ancient Greece and Rome. As the French word 'Renaissance' implies, it was a rebirth in the appreciation and study of these classical times. It was also a rebirth in the interest of the individual and the human capacity to learn, otherwise known as '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULBFI3YvC2M humanism]'''.
'''RenaissanceTimeline'''  


The idea of the Renaissance is associated with  rebirth. This being said, we all know that every birth needs a mom, so for this lesson, Italy will play the role of Mamma Renaissance. The great Italian city-states of '''Florence''', '''Venice''', '''Milan''', and the Papal states centered in '''Rome''' will play the roles of her very wealthy, intelligent, yet rather cantankerous children. Before we get to her offspring, let's first discuss the other reasons why Italy was the perfect mom for the Renaissance.


=== '''Why the Renaissance Began in Italy''' ===
<u>Reason number one</u> was because of its '''location'''. Italy is located directly in the middle of Eastern and Western Europe, making it very easy for her, through trade, to spread her new ideas all over the continent. Overseas trade, spurred on by the Crusades, had brought great wealth to Italy. Also, and even more obvious, Italy is actually the home to ancient Rome and many of the Greek beliefs that Rome held. '''''The particular location of <u>Italy</u> made it easy to spread ideas throughout [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Om1jvUzVAtE Europe]'''''


<u>Reason number two</u> for Italy being the perfect Renaissance mom was her '''wealthy merchant class'''<ref>Merchant is a person who engages in purchase, sales, and trade of commodities for profit. The merchant class is the social sector made up of merchants.</ref>. Unlike most of Europe, feudalism, or the idea of wealth through land ownership, never gained a firm hold in Italy. Because of this, Italy, specifically northern Italy, was urban, while the rest of Europe was mostly rural. Fortune was not to be made in Italy through land ownership but instead through commerce and trade. This gave rise to a wealthy merchant class.
'''1300s - Early 1400s'''


The Bubonic plague struck Italy in the 1300s, decimating over 60% of her population. This brought more wealth to the common class. Simply put, because there were fewer laborers, the surviving workers could demand more money. Furthermore, this decimation of the population made it more difficult for the uber-wealthy merchant class to expand their businesses. This freed their money up to be spent on more interesting things, like the arts, architecture, and literature. A perfect example of this is the wealthy Medici family of Florence, a banking family who financially backed many Renaissance artists, the greatest of these being Michelangelo himself.  
First, we have '''the Hundred Years' War''', beginning in '''1337''' and lasting for about 116 years. It was a nasty skirmish that began when the King of England tried to claim the crown of France.


<u>Reason number three</u>  for the success of Italy as the mother of the Renaissance: its  '''city-states'''<ref>a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state</ref>. Again, they are '''Florence''', grew powerful due to the trade of wool; '''Venice''', gained power through trade at sea; '''Milan,''' had a strong monarchy and was ruled by a powerful line of dukes; and the Papal states, funded by the Church centered in '''Rome'''.
Next, we have another struggle for power, but this time in the papacy. It was known as the '''Great Schism''' of '''1378''', when two popes both claimed authority over the Catholic Church. Again, this caused a bit of a problem. Because of this, we need to include the '''Council of Constance''', lasting through the years '''1414-1418''', which ends the aforementioned Great Schism.
[[Archivo:Italy.png|miniaturadeimagen]]
Ironically, most of these wars were not fought by the actual citizens of Italy but were instead fought by '''mercenaries''', or '''condottieri''' as they were called back then. No matter their name, they were soldiers for hire drawn from the northern countries of Europe, specifically Germany and Switzerland, to do the dirty work of the squabbling siblings. As you can probably guess, the city-states with the most money who could hire the most soldiers - therefore the four wealthiest siblings, Flo, Vinny, Millie, and Roma - quickly absorbed the smaller ones into their folds.  


After decades of fighting on land, Florence, Milan, and Venice emerged as the most dominant players. At sea, there were also many battles with the weaker siblings of Pisa and even Genoa. Again, in this contest, the wealthier Venice reigned supreme, giving her '''hegemony''', or a fancy word for domination and absolute rule, over the Italian seas.
'''Mid - Late 1400s'''


As the power of these northern city-states continued to grow, the Papal states of Rome were also growing and changing. The Pope, who held the responsibility of the Catholic Church, also ruled Rome. However, as the wealth of the city-states increased, the Pope became more of a politician than a spiritual leader. Corruption infiltrated the Church, and, as often happens, money followed the corruption, giving Rome its place as one of the wealthy places in  Italy.  
On more of an up note, we can also include the '''invention of the printing press''' by Johann Gutenberg in '''1448'''. This invention forever changed world communication.


Without the need to spend money on war, wealthy merchants and people decided to  turn their attention to the culture of the arts, ancient Latin, architecture, and the humanistic ideals. Because of this, we have been given the beauty of Michelangelo, the wisdom of Leonardo, and the architecture of Brunelleschi.
On a down note, while Gutenberg is printing, people are still fighting as '''Constantinople falls''' to the Turks in the year '''1453''', thus ending the Byzantine Empire.
 
Not wanting to be left out of any action, England gets involved in her own civil war, known as the '''War of the Roses''', which began in '''1455''' as a family feud of sorts between the Houses of York and Lancaster. Unlike the game show, this one lasted for over 30 years!
{| class="wikitable"
|
|-
|'''''The printing press allowed more works of  literature to reach the common citizen.'''''
|}
To take a break from all the fighting, we have another high point as '''Columbus sails''' in '''1492'''. Here, I feel we should just take a moment and honor elementary school teachers all over the land by simply saying, ''<nowiki/>'Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492!''<nowiki/>'
 
'''Early - Mid 1500s'''
 
While sails are setting for the new world, art is flourishing in the old one. One example of this is the famous '''painting of the Sistine Chapel''' by Michelangelo himself in '''1508'''. It's an amazing work of art still displayed and revered today.
 
As Mike was painting, others were writing. We have Martin Luther nailing his '''''95 Theses''''' to the doors at Wittenberg in the year '''1517'''. This work not only changed the religious landscape of much of Northern Europe but also caused some real trouble for its author, Martin Luther.
 
Speaking of trouble, we also have the '''Peasants' War of Germany''' beginning in '''1524''' and lasting about two years. Although its duration was very short, it was a large uprising of the peasant class, seeking influence and freedom for their everyday lives.
 
Across the sea, while peasants in Germany were fighting for their freedom, Spanish conquistadors were robbing the new world of its freedom, as in '''1532''', '''Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire''' of Peru.
{| class="wikitable"
|
|-
|'''''Martin Luther nailed his theses to the church door and changed religious practices in Europe.'''''
|}
Again not wanting to be left out, England joins the historical melee with the '''excommunication of Henry VIII''' by the pope. This occurred in '''1538''' over some trivial little matters like marriage annulments, cutting off wives' heads, and Henry declaring his supremacy and starting his very own church.
 
In '''1545''', we have the '''Council of Trent''', a series of three meetings held by the Catholic Church in order to answer the charges of the Reformation and to dogmatically solidify its beliefs. To this day, it's considered one of the most important councils of Catholic history.
 
'''Late 1500s - Early 1600s'''
 
In '''1555''', with the Holy Roman Empire continuing to weaken, the '''Peace of Augsburg''' was enacted, giving the princes of Germany the right to practice Catholicism or Lutheranism as they each saw fit. Sadly for other religious sects, only Lutheranism and Catholicism were recognized.
 
At this time, France was also having some issues of her own, as the '''French War of Religion''' broke out in '''1562''' and was yet another clash between Catholics and Protestants in Europe.
 
Adding to the religious and political upheaval on the continent was the '''Eighty Years' War''', beginning in '''1568''', in which the Dutch territories fought for their freedom against Catholic Spain.
 
Again, never one to sit on the sidelines, England gets involved with the '''execution of Mary, Queen of Scots''' by her cousin, Elizabeth, Queen of England, in the year '''1587'''. This act, along with several others, pits Catholic Spain against England, culminating with the invasion of the '''Spanish Armada''' against the English in the year '''1588'''. If it weren't for a little luck and some very bad weather on that day, England might be speaking Spanish today.
{| class="wikitable"
|
|-
|'''''Mary, Queen of Scots was executed by her  cousin, creating tension between Spain and England.'''''
|}
Just when things seemed like they couldn't get more upside down and sideways on the continent of Europe, along comes the '''Thirty Years' War''' of '''1618''' - one of the most damaging conflicts in European history, in which most of Central Europe became engulfed in a battle that began as Catholic versus Protestant but soon degraded into a race for European preeminence.
 
And this brings us to our last timeline entry, '''The Peace of Westphalia''', a series of several treaties finally ratified in '''1648''', bringing an end to both the Eighty and Thirty Years' Wars of Europe. Although this treaty didn't really bring true peace to the continent, it was a large step toward national boundaries and state sovereignty.

Revisión del 13:43 12 jul 2023

Renaissance in art.png

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

RenaissanceTimeline


1300s - Early 1400s

First, we have the Hundred Years' War, beginning in 1337 and lasting for about 116 years. It was a nasty skirmish that began when the King of England tried to claim the crown of France.

Next, we have another struggle for power, but this time in the papacy. It was known as the Great Schism of 1378, when two popes both claimed authority over the Catholic Church. Again, this caused a bit of a problem. Because of this, we need to include the Council of Constance, lasting through the years 1414-1418, which ends the aforementioned Great Schism.

Mid - Late 1400s

On more of an up note, we can also include the invention of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg in 1448. This invention forever changed world communication.

On a down note, while Gutenberg is printing, people are still fighting as Constantinople falls to the Turks in the year 1453, thus ending the Byzantine Empire.

Not wanting to be left out of any action, England gets involved in her own civil war, known as the War of the Roses, which began in 1455 as a family feud of sorts between the Houses of York and Lancaster. Unlike the game show, this one lasted for over 30 years!

The printing press allowed more works of literature to reach the common citizen.

To take a break from all the fighting, we have another high point as Columbus sails in 1492. Here, I feel we should just take a moment and honor elementary school teachers all over the land by simply saying, 'Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492!'

Early - Mid 1500s

While sails are setting for the new world, art is flourishing in the old one. One example of this is the famous painting of the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo himself in 1508. It's an amazing work of art still displayed and revered today.

As Mike was painting, others were writing. We have Martin Luther nailing his 95 Theses to the doors at Wittenberg in the year 1517. This work not only changed the religious landscape of much of Northern Europe but also caused some real trouble for its author, Martin Luther.

Speaking of trouble, we also have the Peasants' War of Germany beginning in 1524 and lasting about two years. Although its duration was very short, it was a large uprising of the peasant class, seeking influence and freedom for their everyday lives.

Across the sea, while peasants in Germany were fighting for their freedom, Spanish conquistadors were robbing the new world of its freedom, as in 1532, Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire of Peru.

Martin Luther nailed his theses to the church door and changed religious practices in Europe.

Again not wanting to be left out, England joins the historical melee with the excommunication of Henry VIII by the pope. This occurred in 1538 over some trivial little matters like marriage annulments, cutting off wives' heads, and Henry declaring his supremacy and starting his very own church.

In 1545, we have the Council of Trent, a series of three meetings held by the Catholic Church in order to answer the charges of the Reformation and to dogmatically solidify its beliefs. To this day, it's considered one of the most important councils of Catholic history.

Late 1500s - Early 1600s

In 1555, with the Holy Roman Empire continuing to weaken, the Peace of Augsburg was enacted, giving the princes of Germany the right to practice Catholicism or Lutheranism as they each saw fit. Sadly for other religious sects, only Lutheranism and Catholicism were recognized.

At this time, France was also having some issues of her own, as the French War of Religion broke out in 1562 and was yet another clash between Catholics and Protestants in Europe.

Adding to the religious and political upheaval on the continent was the Eighty Years' War, beginning in 1568, in which the Dutch territories fought for their freedom against Catholic Spain.

Again, never one to sit on the sidelines, England gets involved with the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots by her cousin, Elizabeth, Queen of England, in the year 1587. This act, along with several others, pits Catholic Spain against England, culminating with the invasion of the Spanish Armada against the English in the year 1588. If it weren't for a little luck and some very bad weather on that day, England might be speaking Spanish today.

Mary, Queen of Scots was executed by her cousin, creating tension between Spain and England.

Just when things seemed like they couldn't get more upside down and sideways on the continent of Europe, along comes the Thirty Years' War of 1618 - one of the most damaging conflicts in European history, in which most of Central Europe became engulfed in a battle that began as Catholic versus Protestant but soon degraded into a race for European preeminence.

And this brings us to our last timeline entry, The Peace of Westphalia, a series of several treaties finally ratified in 1648, bringing an end to both the Eighty and Thirty Years' Wars of Europe. Although this treaty didn't really bring true peace to the continent, it was a large step toward national boundaries and state sovereignty.

Obtenido de «https://wiki.imc.edu.ar/index.php?title=Art_History&oldid=133»